Adat House Banjar

Banjar House is traditional house tribe Banjar. Traditional Architecture its feature for example have epitomizing, have emphasis at roof, ornamental, dekoratif and symmetrical.

According to Idwar Saleh (1984:5) Tradisonal House Banjar is type-type Banjar specific house with its style and engraving by it self start before 1871 till in 1935. Generally Banjar traditional house is built with ber-anjung (ba-anjung) that is building wing that menjorok from beside right and left main building in consequence, called Rumah Baanjung. Facade is Banjar traditional house features, despite of also some type Rumah Banjars that not ber-anjung. House Type the most top-rating is Rumah Bubungan Tinggi that usually weared for building keraton (In sultan). Thus its value equal to joglo house in Java that weared as keraton. Supremacy [of] a power at a period of empire government measured by size amount and art quality and pride of empire buildings specially king's palace (Bubungan House Tinggi). In a perkampungan tribe Banjar consist of all kinds of house type Banjar that express social acceptability and also economy status the pawnbroker. In kampong referred [as] house is built with linear pattern follow direction of outflow river and also highway consist of house that built float over water, house that founded above river and also house that founded in land, good at wet farm (alluvial) and also dry farming.

History and Perkembangan Rumah Adat Banjar
Tradition House Banjar, usual called also with Rumah Bubungan Tinggi because form at its roof part that so fine-form with angle;corner 45º.

Building Rumah Adat Banjar is predicted already there is since 16-th centuries, that is when area Banjar below/under power be next Pangeran Samudera embraces Islam, and alter whose name is become sultan Suriansyah by title Panembahan Batu Habang.Sebelum embraces sultan Islam Suriansyah is referred [as] embrace Hinduism. He/she leads Kerajaan Banjar in 1596–1620.

In the begining building of tradition house this Banjar have construction in form of parallelogram that memanjang forwards. Nevertheless its growth later, form of length parallelogram is referred [as] get addition beside left and building right and rather rear added with a fairish room of uniform length. This Addition in language Banjar is called disumbi.

Outbuilding beside left and tamapak this right patch (in language Banjar: Mango Sasikat) and menganjung exits. Outbuilding at the left side of and right is referred [as] called also facade; until later, building of tradition house Banjar more popular by the name of Rumah Ba-anjung.

Around 1850 housing buildingses in environment keraton Banjar, especially in environment keraton Martapura is provided with other building a variety of forms. Nevertheless Rumah Ba-anjung is prima facie mains building because house is referred [as] is palace of sultan residence.

Other buildings that accompany house building ba-anjung is referred [as] [is] so-called with Palimasan as [the] repository of sultanate [of] wealth property have the shape of gold and silver.

Hall Laki is residence [of] ministers sultanate, Hall Bini roof residence inang nursemaid, Elephant Manyusu residence of sultanate next of kin that is roof Gusti-Gusti and Anang.

Besides buildings will has been met next buildings so-called with Gajah Baliku, Palembangan, and Balai Seba.

At growth hereinafter, more and more housing buildings that founded either on about/around sultanate or in other area that imitate house constructure ba-anjung.

Until finally house form ba-anjung not next only is constructure that is sultanate features (keraton), but have come to features of resident house building area Banjar. Ba-anjung House this not even disseminates in South Kalimantan area, but also disseminate so that to Kalimantan area Tengah and East Kalimantan.

Although houses form that met in Kalimantan area Tengah and East Kalimantan have size that a few/little differ from Ba-anjung house in area Banjar, nevertheless fundamental constructure is features of tradition house building Banjar fixed looked to be.

In Tengah Kalimantan house form this ba-anjung can be met in area West Kotawaringin, that is in Pangkalan Bun, Kotawaringin Lama and Kumai.

Disseminate it form of tradition house Banjar was to area Kotawaringin [is] pass by forming of Kerajaan Kotawaringin that is resolving from Kerajaan region Banjar when governed by sultan Musta’inbillah.

Sultan Musta’inbillah command since 1650 till 1672, later, he/she is replaced by sultan Inayatullah.

Empire Kotawaringin that is region resolving Kerajaan Banjar is referred [as] governed by Pangeran Dipati Anta Kesuma as [the] its sultan [the] first.

Disseminate it form of tradition house Banjar to East Kalimantan area is caused by to the number of area resident Banjar that go abroad to this area, be next found its residence with house constructure ba-anjung as the same manner as house form in situ they.

The above is true finally building of tradition house Banjar or tradition house this ba-anjung disseminates everywhere, not even in South Kalimantan area, but also in Kalimantan area Tengah and East Kalimantan.

Part and Konstruksi Rumah Tradisonal Banjar
Foundation, Pillar and Tongkat
Nature Situation that bog-marshy riparian as [the] place early growing of Banjar traditional house, want building with high floor. Foundation, pillar and stick in this case so central. Foundation as [the] construction most elementary, usually use wood Kapur Naga or wood Galam. Pillar and stick use wood ulin, with amount reach 60 bars for pillar and 120 bars to walk stick.

Framework

This house Framework usually use traditional size fathom or sole of the size anomalous that trusted have magical value / sakral. Parts of frame are referred [as] is :

susuk are made of wood Ulin.

Tiebeam are made of wood Ulin, Belangiran, Resin Putih.

Floor from board Ulin 3 cms.

Watun Barasuk from balokan Ulin.

Turus Tawing from wood Damar.

Door frame and window from board and balokan Ulin.

Balabad from balokan wood Damar Putih. Mbr>

Footbridge Tikus from balokan wood Damar Putih.

Bujuran Sampiran and Gorden from balokan Ulin or Damar Putih.

Pillar Orong Orong and Sangga Ributnya and Tulang Bubungan from balokan wood Ulin, wood Lanan, and Damar Putih.

Kasau from balokan Ulin or Damar Putih.

Riing from wood blades Damar Putih

Floor

Beside usual floor, there is also floor so-called with Lantai Jarang or Lantai Ranggang. Ranggang Floor this usually existed in Surambi Muka, Facade Jurai and Ruang Padu, that is place pembasuhan or pambanyuan. Whereas that in Anjung Jurai for place bear and bath corpse. Usually materials that used [by] for floor is board ulin as wide as 20 cms, and for Lantai Ranggang from board Ulin as wide as 10 cms.

Wall
Its wall consist of board that attached with position stand up, until beside pillar also needed Turus Tawing and Balabad to paste up it. Its materials from board Ulin as [the] face wall. At part from other side and back and wall Tawing Halat use wood Ulin or Lanan. At part Anjung Kiwa, Facade Kanan, Facade Jurai and Ruang Padu, sometimes its wall uses Palupuh.

Roof
Building Roof usually become feature the most extrude from a building. In consequence, this building is called Rumah Bubungan Tinggi. Its roof Materials is made of sirap with wood materials Ulin or thatch roof.

Ornamentasi (Engraving)
Bubungan Tinggi traditional house Appearance is also supported by forms ornamen have the shape of engraving. Engraving Location is referred [as] usually existed on constructive part like pillar, tataban, pilis, and doorstep. As the same manner as at artistry that expand dibawah islam influence, motif that depicted is motif floral (leaf and flower). Animal motives like at the end of pilis that depict hornbill and fragon also distilir with motif floral. Despitefully there are also engraving of calligraphy form. Calligraphy Arab is decorative types that emerge latter that enrich decorative types tribe Banjar. (Museum Lambung Mangkurat pin-cushion Banjarbaru, “Tradisional House Bubungan Tinggi and Kelengkapannya”, 1992/1993)


Influence Sistem Religi and Sistem Pengetahuan
Though people Banjar have embraced islam, nevertheless in everyday activity that referring to culture has been sticked elementary body aninisme, Hindu-Buddha that expanded as [the] elementary tradition was at [the] past. However that thing not as a whole. Religi that assumed coming [from] is from Kaharingan that developed by Dyak. Hindu Influence, Buddha, Islam and also Christian meaningless ancestors trust with all ceremony religinya loses off hand. People Dayak that have embraced islam will Tribe Banjar and [shall] no longger pretend it as [the] tribe Dayak. Tribe Banjar almost all joints keagamaanya are relied on religious sentiment that coming from islam teaching. Thus every every household have related to equipments religious execution. As well as at Banjar traditional house many provided with related to engraving brotherhood, association, fertility, and also khat-khat calligraphy Arab that stem from islam teaching like two creed sentences, names Khalifah, Shalawat, or certain verses in Al-Qur’an.

Nevertheless engravings in Banjar house also there [is] still related to trust Kaharingan, Aninisme, Dinanisme, and also Hindu-Buddha, for example swastika, hornbill, fragon etc

Way Menentukan Ukuran Rumah Adat Banjar
Way Menentukan Ukuran Rumah Adat Banjar can be conducted with some ways, for example :

Length and wide house is determined size of husband fathom in number anomalous. (Depdikbud, Brotomoeljono, Tradisional House South Kalimantan, 1986 : 87)

Counted/calculated by take choice tiebeam, then counted/calculated with tiebeam calculation, geligir, gelugur. If its calculation ends in geligir or gelugur then that bad forerunner until must covered with tiebeam. Tiebeam Calculation will cause its house and dweller get peacefulness and harmonism. (Depdikbud, Brotomoeljono, Tradisional House South Kalimantan, 1986 : 87)

Other way round according to Alfani david, MA. (1997 : 462); Footage and wide house is symbolised eight size of animal device that is fragons, smoke, lion, dog, ox, ass, elephant, crow. Ideal Length is symbolised fragon and width are symbolised bad gajah.Yang [is] device of smoke animal, dog, ass, or crow. (Amount) length of someone fathom that develop house is divided eight deputize animal successively like referred [as] former. (Every fathom are multiplied 12). If house length 6 fathoms, mean 6 x 12 sizes or 72 sizes, then if its size is symbolised by fragon animal, shall added 1/12 next fathoms. For getting the device size elephant, that length is must added 7/12 fathoms or lessened 1/12 fathoms. (Alfani david, MA, Islam and Masyarakat Banjar, 1997 : 462)


Philosophy Rumah Adat Banjar
Type Dissociation and house form Banjar in accordance with philosophy and religi that coming from trust Kaharingan at tribe Dayak that divided universe becomes 2 parts, that is nature to the and nature bawah.Rumah Bubungan Tinggi is microcosm device in macrocosm that besar.Penghuni as if live in middle world part that flanked by world to the and world under. In their house live ins big family, unity from world to the and world under symbolises Mahatala and Jata (husband and wife).

Duumvirate Semesta

At agrarian civilization, house is assumed keramat because considered as place bersemayam in ghaib by deities like at Balai house tribe Dayak Bukit that as [the] ritual house. At a period of Kerajaan Negara Dipa ancestors buttonhole is realized in the form of man and woman idol that curtseyed and placed in palace. Extant Worship of ancestors late Maharaja worship Suryanata and Puteri Junjung Buih is marriage symbol (association) nature to the and nature under Kosmogoni Kaharingan-Hindu. Suryanata as [the] god manifestation Matahari (Surya) from trust elementary body Kaharingan-Hindu, sun that become orientation because published from east horizon (orient) always waited for its attendance as [the] life source, whereas Puteri Junjung Buih have the shape of water device, also device of land/ground fertility as Dewi Sri in Java. At a period of growing of Hindu empire, king's palace is power image even assumed blessing expression deity as [the] device manifestation Kosmos Makro into Kosmos Mikro. Female Junjung Buih as [the] epitomizing “Bawah world” whereas Pangeran Suryanata epitomizing “world to the”. At architecture Rumah Bubungan Tinggi elements influence is referred [as] admit of found. Form of fragon engraving that disguised/didestilir (bananagaan) symbolise “nature under” whereas hornbill engraving symbolises “nature to the”.

Tree Hayat

Form of house form Banjar Bubungan Tinggi with its roof that boost upwards is elementary image from a “body tree” that is cosmic device. Tree Hayat is dimensions mirroring from one alfven universe unity. Flora Engraving that fertility at Tawing Halat (Seketeng) is philosophy materialization “life tree” that by Dyak called Batang Garing in trust Kaharingan that ever ahead expand in South life of Kalimantan society at period previously.

Umbrella

Form of house form Banjar Bubungan Tinggi with its roof that boost upwards is an elementary image an umbrella that show a power orientation upwards. Umbrella also becomes epitomizing of the usual nobility uses “yellow umbrella” as [the] empire peripheral. Yellow Umbrella as [the] marking kemartabatan empire Banjar is given to functionaries empire in an area.

Symmetrical
Form of house form symmetrical Banjar Bubungan Tinggi, seen at form of building wing or facade that consisted of Anjung Kanan and Anjung Kiwa. This condition relates to symmetrical philosophy (well-balanced) in government Kerajaan Banjar, that divide ministry, become Mantri Panganan (Minister Group [of] Kanan) and Mantri Pangiwa (Minister Group [of] Kiri), each of them consist ofs 4 ministers, Titled Mantri Panganan ‘Patih’ and titled Mantri Pangiwa ‘The’, minister every-pillar haves team each. This symmetrical Concept tercermin at high cam house.

Kepala-Badan-Kaki
House Form Bubungan Tinggi is supposed human body are divided become 3 parts in vertical that is head, body and foot/feet. Whereas facade is supposed as [the] right hand and left hand that is right facade and facade kiwa (left).

Arrange Nilai Ruang
At Banjar house Bubungan Tinggi (palace) there is room Semi Publik that is Serambi or surambi that its position chronologically consist of surambi face, surambi greeting, and last surambi Pamedangan before enter main gate (Lawang Hadapan) on the wall front (Tawing Hadapan ) that carved with beautiful. After enter Main gate will enter room Semi Private. Visitor returns floor tread that consist of Panampik Kacil below/under, Panampik Tangah in the middle of and Panampik Basar above at front Tawing Halat or “middle wall” that show existence of arrange room value that hierarkis. Room Panampik Kecil place for children, room Panampik Tangah as [the] usual people place or young mans and most important is room Panampik Basar that destined for society figures, only well-informed one who and looked into just that not as yet common to sit in area is referred [as]. This condition shows existence of a manners also express existence of veneering of society social Banjar formerly that consist of flake is blue blooded group is called Tutus Raja (nob) and bottom layer is group Jaba (people) and between them is ordinary people group that has got [position/occupation]s in Kerajaan and magnate clan.

Tawing Halat/Seketeng
Banjar Bubungan Tinggi indoor Room is divided become room that have the character of private and flourish private. Range from to room Panampik Basar that have the character of flourish private and room Palidangan that have the character of private is dissociated by Tawing Halat that means “winnow wall”, if in Java area is called Seketeng. If there is traditional party and also menyampir (listen carefully) Shadow play Banjar then at this Tawing Halat its centre part can be opened until as if a transparent winnow line between two worlds (external and in) become opened. When executed “puppets sampir” then Tawing Halat that become constrictor between “in” (Palidangan) and external (Paluaran/Panampik Basar) become opened. Raja and its relatives and puppeteer it is at area “in” witness puppets child in the form of in origin whereas audiences resides in area “external” witness puppets in the form of shadow.

Ichnograph Cacak Burung
Ichnograph Rumah Banjar Bubungan Tinggi in form of “plus sign” that is intersection from building axises that is from direction of face rear and from direction of right to left that make up ichnograph pattern Cacak Burung that sakral. In its midst precise under frame construction Sangga Ribut below/under roof Bubungan Tinggi is Ruang Palidangan that is dot of axises intersection referred [as]. In cosmological then disinilah most important part from home Banjar Bubungan Tinggi. So this part the importance are enough deputized with appearance Tawing Halat (middle wall) that full [of] engravings (Tree Hayat) that palmy. Tawing Halat becomes attention focus and become esquire area. Tawang Halat protects area “in” that is dot of building center that is room Palidangan (Panampik Panangah).